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Respiration and Drugs affecting the Respiratory System |
Anatomy and
Radiology For what I consider to be the best
formatted tutorial on respiratory
anatomy, all the way from the
nose to the diaphram, you simply must check out Dr T. M.
Scott's pages from the Memorial University of Newfoundland
which deal with a pile of other
systems as well. Very clear
and simple explanations are accompanied by relevant
hyperlinked images. The Virtual
Hospital at the University of
Iowa has an absolutely superb set of pages on
Lung
Anatomy including many plain
and CT radiographs and bronchoscopic movie files. They also
have another excellent page called Introduction
to Chest Radiology covering
Basic
Principles, Normal
Anatomy, Method
for Film Analysis and
Basic
Pulmonary Pathology. The University of Washington has a
really good Interactive
Atlas of Thoracic Viscera. The University of Texas Health
Sciences Center has a Chest
Radiology Review Manual. Lots
of xrays and lecture notes on a variety of chest
pathologies. The Harvard Medical School also has a superb
set of lecture notes complete with images on
chest
radiology for their second
year students. Health on
the Net Foundation has some
links
to mpegs of lung sections and
various other anatomic images and movie files. (They also
have some other terrific resources for medical
practitioners.) For some really good images of normal
and abnormal laryngeal anatomy check out the
Airway
Atlas and the Pediatric
Airway Obstruction Page which
also has some xrays and a review of clinical findings in
pediatric airway disease in a self test format. The
Pediatric
Database has a big list of
congenital syndromes with brief descriptions of the
associated abnormalities which might be useful for
anaesthetists. Medical
School Study Guides at Kansas
has a cool set of study notes on a pile of topics including
anatomy,
containing good sections on the
thorax and head
and neck. Donal Shanahan of the University of
Newcastle (upon Tyne) has a page of anatomy
tutorials including one on the
larynx.
The tutorial requires javascript but there is also a set of
hyperlinked lecture
notes. You might also want to
check out Donal's chapter on Anatomy
for Anaesthetists in this
textbook. For a great set of laryngeal anatomy
pages in the Spanish language take a look at
La
Laringe: Atlas Anatómico (Dr. Fernando
Tolosa). I ran the page
through the AltaVista
Babelfish translator and got
mixed but acceptable results in English. Try it
out! Acid-Base Physiology is covered in Ken
Pauker's chapter on Water
and Electrolyte Homeostasis, Renal and Acid-Base
Physiology. It is therefore
not extensively covered here. It would, however, be remiss
not to mention Micheal Bookallil's superb tome on this area
- pH
of the Blood. Stewart's
approach to acid-base physiology gets extensive treatment in
A
Basic Approach to body pH, a
page of the South African website, The
Worldwide Anaesthetist. You
will also find here a page on Normal
Lung Function (highly
recommended) and another on Normal
Anion Gap (hyperchloraemic) Acidosis. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine has a
fantastic set of pages on Respiratory
Physiology including
tutorials,
labs,
an encyclopedia,
and even a dictionary
of respiratory related terms. Chris Thompson's notes on
Ventilation
contain a good section on lung physiology and
mechanics. Medical
School Study Guides at Kansas
has a cool set of study notes on a pile of topics including
physiology,
containing a good section on respiration. If you want to buy a book about
respiratory and related physiology you might consider these
from The
R.A.L.E. Repository at
Winnipeg in Canada has a variety of normal and pathological
lung sounds (both WAV and Realaudio formats) to check out.
You can also download demo versions of their new software
which features more extensive sets of lung sounds as well as
other fantastic teaching material. Magill University also
has a Virtual
Stethoscope but you'll need a
java enabled browser to hear the sounds. Respiratory
Exam Basic Clinical Skills
presents an organized approach based upon observation,
palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Aimed at medical
students they may nevertheless be useful for all of us.
Other systems are presented as well. The Virtual Hospital in Iowa has a
page to test
your knowledge of pulmonary function
tests. Jeff Pray also has a
page to test your knowledge of spirometry
and includes some good looking references and other
information. Loyola University has an incomplete
set of pages on Respiratory
Medicine for Medical Students
with some lessons on respiratory function tests. Heron Medical Technologies, Inc. has a
small Pulmonary
Waveform Library. If your
intensive care or anaesthesia ventilator/monitor can display
waveforms this is what you might see in a few different lung
pathologies. Chris Thompson has some notes on
Oxygen
Monitoring which has a small
section on monitoring patient oxygenation. If you use an oesophageal/precordial
stethoscope you might be interested in an FM
transmitter. For an excellent discussion of the
subject (if I do say so myself :-) check out this
very
recently published review.
There is also a review written by Robert A. Langer, M.D., in
ESIA.
For Sleep Apnoea patients I have a document about
Anaesthesia
and the Sleep Apnoea Sufferer.
More general information on Sleep Disorders, for everyone
from patients to specialists, can be found at or via the
following pages: The Toronto Hospital has a page
discussing some Medical
Conditions with Airway Implications.
Very useful for Anaesthetists/Anesthesiologists. The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Department of General Anesthesiology has an ENT
Handbook for Anesthesia Trainees
with lots of stuff about airway management. Michael Yurkanin and Brian Woodcock
have a page about Emergency
Intubation. Heaps of good
stuff with pics including the ASA Difficult Airway
Algorithm. Have a look at the UCSD
Anesthesiology Virtual Difficult Airway
Cart by J. Clarke Venable.
There is also a copy of the ASA
difficult airway algorithm and
a cervical
spine airway management algorithm. Trauma.org
has a page dedicated to anaesthesia
of the trauma victim which
contains several resources dealing with airway management in
trauma. The GASNet website has some airway
related movie files in mpeg
and avi
formats.
The Medical
Sciences Bulletin (MSB) has a
page about Preventing
Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression
which is fairly basic and may be useful for nurses, medical
students and more junior medical graduates. There is also a
page about Nitric
Oxide. The MSB is part of
PharmInfoNet
which has a huge searchable database of pharmaceutical
information. The
Central Respiratory Effects of
Benzodiazepines are the notes
for a talk I gave. It includes a fairly extensive literature
review on the subject as well as detailed info about their
mechanism of action. Everything you could possibly want to
know about nitric oxide can be found at or via the
Nitric
Oxide Home Page. The
Worldwide Anaesthetist hosts a
page about Selective
Pulmonary Vasodilators. They
also have a section on Lung
Recruitment in Intensive
Care.
This chapter is kindly
sponsored by Wavelength
Consulting Medical Recruitment and Locum
Service. We
are most grateful for their assistance. This page is one of many in
the Virtual
Anaesthesia Textbook.
Please direct all comments about the organization of this
chapter, corrections to links, and suggestions for additions
to:
This chapter is proudly
sponsored by...
Contents:
Respiration
Drugs and Respiration
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Last updated February 2002.
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